Testimony

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Introduction

Testimony is a solemn declaration usually made orally by witness oath on response to interrogation by a lawyer or authorized public official. In philosophy , testimony is a statement that is considered the language and knowledge which occurs, when beliefs are transferred between speakers and hearers through testimony.

Actually this is a true manifestation which is occurred to be accepted and to be understood for the certain events or concepts. In modern society, many of individual’s beliefs are derived directly from testimony or depend for their grounding on other beliefs.In the philosophy, the primary concern of regarding testimony as to the epistemological. Epistemological of testimony concern how we should evaluate our beliefs. Epistemology is often defined as the theory of knowledge, and talk of the propositional knowledge has dominated the bulk of modern literature in epistemology. Essential understanding is epistemic ascent, the rising above bare knowledge to assess, appraise, compare, contrast, emphasize, connect and so on.


 NORMATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE 


Our basic topic of testifying can be divided into two dimensions. There are normative epistemology and descriptive psychology. Normative epistemology mostly deals with first-order theorizing about how we should form justified beliefs, gain understanding, truth and knowledge, offer accounts of the basic sources of knowledge (like memory, perception, testimony) and so forth. 

Descriptive psychology will tell us what human belief acquisition through testimony is actually like, and what extent of dependence on testimony our belief systems actually exhibit. we can divide our central issue about testimony along two dimensions, yielding four distinct questions to investigate

  1. Descriptive local question 
  2. Normative local question 
  3. Descriptive global question
  4. Normative global question

Descriptive local question 

How do human hearers typically form belief in response to testimony? In particular, do they just trust their informant unthinkingly, blindly; or do they somehow evaluate the informant for trustworthiness, and believe what they are told only if the evaluation is positive?
Normative local question 

Normative local question 

In what conditions, and with what controls, should a mature adult hearer believe what she is told, on some particular occasion?

Descriptive global question 

What is the actual place of testimony-beliefs overall, in a person's structure of empirical belief? What is the extent of dependence on testimony for grounding of our beliefs? And what is the relationship between testimony and our other sources of empirical belief: perception, memory, and deductive and inductive inference from empirical premises ?

Normative global question

how, if ever, can a system of beliefs with uneliminated epistemic dependence on testimony be justified?


 IMPORTANT OF TESTIMONY


As I mentioned above about the effect of modern society, these expressions are mainly effective for court and our knowledge. In court, every case which are from civil case to criminal cases, are depended on testimony. Because in this modern society believes testimony. Hence these statements are so important for identifying the exact culprits and the witness helps the courts to give correct judgment and justice . When we consider the knowledge, mainly there use to change myths, concepts, and subjects matters. Also, there is used to understand and believe for the correct information to humans.







REFERENCES

a. Fricker, E., 2004. Testimony: Knowing through being told. In Handbook of epistemology (pp. 109-130). Springer, Dordrecht.

 b. Samuels, R., Stich, S. and Faucher, L., 2004. Reason and rationality. In Handbook of epistemology (pp. 131-179). Springer, Dordrecht



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