Argument of Philosophy

  

Introduction

In philosophy, an argument is a connected set of statements that include at least one or more premises is intended to represent that another statement which the conclusion is true. The statements that serve as premises and conclusions are sometimes referred to as “propositions.” Statements (or propositions) are declarative sentences. A premise is a statement that supports or helps lead to, an argument’s conclusion. A conclusion is a statement that is inferred from the argument’s premises.

"All mammals are warm-blooded ,whales are mammals.   Therefore,    whales are warm-blooded"

 

Premises 1: All mammals are warm-blooded   

Premises 2: whales are mammals

Conclusion: Therefore, whales are warm-blooded

To identify an argument uses the special signal words or phrases in the statement of premises and conclusion.

• The signal words or phrases in premises of the argument

as	due to	on the ground that
as indicated by	for	owing to
as a result of	for the reason that	seeing that
because	in as much as	since
being that	in that	thanks to
by reason of	in the view of	through
by virtue of	in inferred from	whereas

• The signal words or phrases in the conclusion of the argument

accordingly	[it] follows that	thence
as a result	[it] proves that	therefore
consequently	hence	[we] conclude that
for this reason	so	[we] infer that
implies that	thus	whence

Signal words can aid in identifying the argument, but keep the following in mind:

• Argument signal words are not always present when an argument is being made.
• Sometimes words that could function as signal words for an argument are used in other contexts, where there is no argument present.

Purposes of argument

The person who is arguing is always presenting their arguments for various reasons .Then there can be explored the two main purposes of arguments. 

1. Justification
2. Explanation

Justification

We often believe what we are told by our parents, friends, doctors, and news reporters. We often believe what we see, taste, and smell. We hold beliefs about the past, the present, and the future. justification is the right standing of an action, person, or attitude with respect to some standard of evaluation. Simply, justification is supposed to give reasons to believe the conclusion. That means if I argue and the person who I argue with does not believe what i said. I have to give true reasons without false reasons to believes my argument and to change his mind. 

Explanation

Explanations are used to make plain or clear, render understandable or, to explain an obscure point. to make known in detail. Then it helps to get the real idea which someone says. we may not get a real idea what the speaker says according to our justifications 

Language and convention 

Language is a methodology that is used to know as the objects by humans. In this plant, we can see so many human languages. Then human uses a different kind of words , symbols, and sounds for just only one object. As the example “Green salad” is a word in English language. But in the French language , green salad  is “verte salade ” .

The convention is a selection from among two or more alternative, where the rules or alternatives is agreed upon among participant. If we examine the language, we will see that it contains many different kinds of conversations .

• Linguistic act
• Speech act
• Conversational act

Linguistic act

A linguistic act is an act of saying something meaningful in a language. It is the basic act that is needed to make anything part of the language. In this act , we consider semantic rules such as definition and syntactic rules as in grammar, The word “Dog” is used conventionally to talk about dog not cat. They have proper names or words. It is called semantic rule. Using three words such as “Jhon, hit , Harry ”, we can create sentences with different meanings such as “ Jhon hit harry ” and “Harry hit Jhon ” , because we use grammatical rules to recognize these sentence. Its called syntactic rule

Speech act

A speech act concerns the move a person makes in saying something .Different kinds of speech acts are indicated by the various verbs found in explicit performatives. We perform speech acts when we offer an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. A speech act might contain just one word, as in "Sorry!" to perform an apology, or several words or sentences: "I’m sorry I forgot your book ”.

Conversational act

A conversational act is a speaker’s act of causing a standard kind of effect in the listener. If you "inform" or "frighten" or "persuade", then you perform a conversational act.Conversational acts are largely governed by a set of assumptions.we will refer as "Conversational rules" (through strictly speaking they are conventions)

“Don't raise your voice, improve your argument."

― Desmond Tutu