Argument of Philosophy
In philosophy, an argument is a connected set of statements that include at least one or more premises is intended to represent that another statement which the conclusion is
true. The statements that serve as premises and conclusions are sometimes
referred to as “propositions.” Statements (or propositions) are declarative
sentences. A premise is a statement
that supports or helps lead to, an argument’s conclusion. A conclusion is a statement that is inferred
from the argument’s premises.
"All mammals are warm-blooded ,whales are mammals. Therefore, whales are warm-blooded"
Premises 1: All mammals are warm-blooded
Premises 2: whales are mammals
Conclusion: Therefore, whales are warm-blooded
To identify an argument uses the special signal words or phrases in the statement of premises and conclusion.
- The signal words or phrases in premises of the argument
as | due to | on the ground that |
as indicated by | for | owing to |
as a result of | for the reason that | seeing that |
because | in as much as | since |
being that | in that | thanks to |
by reason of | in the view of | through |
by virtue of | in inferred from | whereas |
- The signal words or phrases in the conclusion of the argument
accordingly | [it] follows that | thence |
as a result | [it] proves that | therefore |
consequently | hence | [we] conclude that |
for this reason | so | [we] infer that |
implies that | thus | whence |
Signal words can aid in identifying the argument, but keep the following in mind:
- Argument signal words are not always present when an argument is being made.
- Sometimes words that could function as signal words for an argument are used in other contexts, where there is no argument present.
Purposes of argument
- Justification
- Explanation
Justification
We often
believe what we are told by our parents, friends, doctors, and news reporters.
We often believe what we see, taste, and smell. We hold beliefs about the past,
the present, and the future. justification is the right
standing of an action, person, or attitude with respect to some standard of
evaluation. Simply, justification is supposed to give
reasons to believe the conclusion. That means if I argue and the person who I
argue with does not believe what i said. I have to give true reasons without
false reasons to believes my argument and to change his mind.
Explanation
Explanations are used to make plain or clear, render
understandable or, to explain an obscure point. to make known in detail. Then
it helps to get the real idea which someone says. we may not get a real idea
what the speaker says according to our justifications
Language and convention
- Linguistic act
- Speech act
- Conversational act
Linguistic act
A
linguistic act is an act of saying something meaningful in a language. It is
the basic act that is needed to make anything part of the language. In this act ,
we consider semantic rules such as definition and syntactic rules as in grammar, The word “Dog” is used conventionally
to talk about dog not cat. They have proper names or words. It is called
semantic rule. Using three words such as “Jhon, hit , Harry ”, we can create sentences with different
meanings such as “ Jhon hit harry ” and “Harry hit Jhon ” , because we use
grammatical rules to recognize these sentence. Its called syntactic rule
Speech act
A speech act concerns the move a person makes in
saying something .Different kinds of speech acts are indicated by the various
verbs found in explicit performatives. We perform speech acts when we offer an apology, greeting,
request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. A speech act might
contain just one word, as in "Sorry!" to perform an apology, or
several words or sentences: "I’m sorry I forgot your book ”.
Conversational act
A conversational act is a speaker’s act of causing a standard kind of effect in the listener. If you "inform" or "frighten" or "persuade", then you perform a conversational act.Conversational acts are largely governed by a set of assumptions.we will refer as "Conversational rules" (through strictly speaking they are conventions)
“Don't raise your voice, improve your argument."
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